Hernia Surgery 1st Edition PDF
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A hernia occurs when part of your insides bulges through an opening or weakness in the muscle or tissue barrier that contains it. Most hernias involve one of your abdominal organs pushing through one of the walls of your abdominal cavity. Hernias can occur gradually as you get older and regular wear and tear on your muscles begins to add up. They can also result from an injury, surgery or birth disorder.
Overall, hernias are common, though some types are more common than others. Inguinal hernias affect around 25% of all men or people assigned male at birth. Hiatal hernias affect around 20% of people in the U.S. and 50% over the age of 50. Congenital hernias occur in about 15% of newborns, mostly umbilical. Incisional hernias make up about 10% of hernias, and all other types make up another 10%.
You may not feel it at all, or you may feel pressure, a dull ache or a sharp pain when the hernia comes through the opening. If you have frequent discomfort, you should see a healthcare provider right away. A hiatal hernia, in particular, may cause chronic acid reflux. You may feel it as heartburn or indigestion.
Not usually, but there are some exceptions. For example, a groin hernia can sometimes slip down into your sex organs. It may cause visible scrotal swelling in people with testicles. Femoral hernias more often occur in women or people assigned female at birth (AFAB), and they may cause invisible, unexplained groin pain.
Hernia repair surgery is common and generally a minor procedure unless there are complications. Your surgeon will push the herniated tissue back into place and reinforce the barrier it pushed through with stitches or with surgical mesh. Surgeons can often use minimally-invasive methods for a routine hernia repair, which means smaller incisions, less postoperative pain and a faster recovery.
A small hernia may never bother you much. But hernias do tend to grow bigger over time. The opening continues to weaken and stretch, and more tissue gradually pushes its way through. The more tissue pushes through, the more likely it is to become incarcerated, leading to pain and other complications.
Wound complications go hand in hand with any surgical procedure, but recently have been increasingly scrutinized as more detailed analyses of outcomes are demanded by providers, payers and patients alike. In this issue of Hernia, Dr. Haskins and associates, have published a stimulating and thought-provoking review of the nomenclature of wound complications using a unique analysis of the 50 most cited papers on ventral hernia repair from 1995 to 2015 [1]. With this group of papers serving as a surrogate for thoughtful and well-designed scientific papers of high quality, a striking absence of a common language with standardized definitions was identified. Why is this
Perhaps the root cause of these findings lies in the general historical confusion of how best to describe even the most common wound/mesh-related complication. The history of various definitions is worth revisiting. As Haskins et al. point out, a traditional discussion of a wound complication included a surgical site infection (SSI) only. The standardized definition of an SSI developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is an infection that occurs in the part of the body where the surgery took place and includes superficial, deep, and organ space infections and this has become universally accepted. The term surgical site occurrence (SSO) was first introduced by the Ventral Hernia Working Group (VHWG) in 2010 [2]. The VHWG consisted of expert general and plastic surgeons interested in abdominal wall reconstruction who developed a 4-level grading system to aid surgeons in selecting the best prosthesis to be used for various clinical scenarios. Although the grading system has not been universally adopted, the term surgical site occurrence (SSO) which added wound events that are not captured by the term SSI, including seroma, wound dehiscence, and enterocutaneous fistula has proved to be very useful [3]. Haskins et al. use an expanded list in their definition of an SSO which includes wound cellulitis, non-healing incisional wound, fascial disruption, skin or soft tissue ischemia, skin or soft tissue necrosis, wound serous or purulent drainage, stitch abscess, seroma, hematoma, and infected or exposed mesh in addition to SSI, seroma, wound dehiscence, and enterocutaneous fistula. While many of these SSOs are clinically important, some are either questionably relevant (such as wound cellulitis or an asymptomatic hematoma or seroma) or should be counted as an SSI (fascial disruption, skin/soft tissue necrosis, purulent drainage, stitch abscess, infected mesh, enterocutaneous fistula).
Haskins et al. in their conclusion make a plea that all future publications in abdominal wall reconstruction surgery adopt the three definitions of wound morbidity: SSI, SSO, and SSOPI. The authors pointed out an alarming rate of inconsistent reporting in as many as 82% of the cited articles during the study period. Such a high number is hardly surprising however, given the methodology of the study, as only one of the studied definitions (SSI) was commonly used during the 20-year study period. The other 2 were either not described for at least the first 15 years of the study (SSO) or not at all within the studied timeframe (SSOPI). While the problem of inconsistencies in reporting and the desire for improvement are valid considerations, the evidence to support the proposed limited 3-definition system falls short of definitive.
An umbilical hernia presents as a bulge at the site of the umbilicus; it is a common finding during routine well-baby visits for the first few months of life. New parents who are not very familiar with this anomaly might verbalize great concerns during these visits because they tend to become very worried when they see the bulge in their infant's belly button. In addition, parents might be concerned with the idea that their child will suffer serious complications from an umbilical hernia, and they wonder if there are any measures that they should take to avoid complications. This activity reviews the pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of umbilical hernias and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the care of infants with this condition.
Objectives:Identify the etiology of pediatric umbilical hernias.Describe the presentation of an infant with an umbilical hernia.Describe the treatment and management options available for umbilical hernias.Explain the importance of improving coordination amongst the interprofessional team to enhance care for patients affected by umbilical hernias.Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.
Umbilical hernia in children results from incomplete closure of the fascia of the umbilical ring, through which intraabdominal contents may protrude[4]. After separation of the umbilical cord, usually, the ring undergoes spontaneous closure through the growth of the rectus muscles and fusion of the fascial layers. A failure or delay in this process leads to the formation of an umbilical hernia[5]. The exact etiology is unknown, but usually, occurs through the umbilical vein component of the ring[5].
Umbilical hernias are common in children, It is estimated 10-30 % of all white children at birth, decreasing to 2-10% at one year, with boys and girls affected equally[6][7]. An umbilical hernia is particularly common in African-American infants with the incidence reported to be as high as 26.6%, for reasons not precisely understood [10]. It is also more commonly seen in premature and low-birth-weight babies with an incidence as high as 84% in newborn infants weighing 1000 to 1500 grams while the incidence is 20.5% in those weighing 2000 to 2500 grams[8].
During fetal development, the primitive umbilical ring appears as early as 4th week of gestation on the ventral surface of the body. It contains umbilical vessels (one vein and two arteries), allantois, vitelline duct, vitelline vessels and loop of midgut. As the herniated midgut return back, the definitive umbilical cord will develop which contains the umbilical vessels surrounded by Wharton's jelly. The Umbilical vessels obliterate after birth and will be replaced by a ligamentous structure[9]. Congenital disorders of the umbilicus include umbilical hernia, patent urachus, omphalomesenteric fistula and umbilical polyp. It is important to recognize these defects as early as possible is essential to prevent complications[9]. Failure of the umbilical ring to be obliterated after separation of the umbilical cord will predispose to the development of umbilical hernia. The umbilicus also represents a relatively weak point in the abdominal wall that is prone to herniation as a result of increased intra-abdominal pressure[9].
During a well-child care visit, the history given by parents might include a swelling of the belly button, which increases when the baby is crying, coughing, or straining. The size of the umbilical hernia defect should be measured, determine the reducibility, or the presence of signs of incarceration or strangulation. Patients with incarcerated or strangulated umbilical hernia usually present with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The physical examination will be significant for abdominal tenderness, distension and skin erythema[10].
In the majority of cases, there are no medical sequelae to umbilical hernias. No tests are recommended, a thorough physical exam is sufficient to make the diagnosis and to discuss the common course of the condition with concerned parents. Although pediatric umbilical hernias are a common entity in healthy infants, they are also associated with some specific conditions, which the pediatrician or the pediatric surgeon should keep in mind when evaluating a patient. Pediatric umbilical hernias are seen more often in common autosomal trisomies (e.g., Trisomy 21 and 18), metabolic disorders (e.g., hypothyroidism, mucopolysaccharidoses) and some dysmorphic syndromes (e.g., Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Marfan syndrome). For this reason, it is important to distinguish healthy patients with an innocent finding of an isolated umbilical hernia, from patients with an umbilical hernia and other syndromic features, for example, macroglossia or hypotonia, the latter group warranting further evaluation. 59ce067264
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