Make: Rockets: Down-to-Earth Rocket Science [VERIFIED] Download Pdf
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Throughout the 1940s, new research at the JPL led to the development of the first American spacecraft. The first was the V-2, but the first successful rocket launch was the Redstone. It was launched on 23 October 1949, and was the first rocket to reach Earth orbit. The first moon landing was also achieved by the Soviets, but not until the early 1950s. The JPL continued to develop the Saturn rocket, which was the largest rocket to be developed in the United States. It was completed in 1958 and was used to launch the first manned spacecraft, the Mercury-Atlas 9.
The first rocket to be launched was Germany's V-2 rocket, which was the first to achieve space and was used as a weapon of war against London and other British cities between the years 1944 and 1945. On the night of 17 March 1945, Karl Arnold von Müller-Braun launched a V-2 from Peenemünde. The rocket was aimed at the Leipzig area, where it exploded over the city, damaging more than 1,000 homes, killing 14 people and injuring over 200. Germany surrendered the following month. This launch is credited with the birth of the rocket space program.
However, the United States was not far behind. In 1939, the U.S. Air Force established the University of California, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) at the US Army's Muroc Army Air Field (now Edwards Air Force Base) in the Mojave Desert in California. The purpose of the new facility was to develop guided missiles for the Army Air Force and Navy, and by the end of World War II, the US had a factory in New Mexico, the first of its kind in the nation, that produced nuclear weapons. In 1945, a second site was established in Pasadena, California, while the first rocket launches from the Mojave Desert took place in 1947. The site was named the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in honor of its student body and funds were provided by the U.S. Army.[25]
In the 1950s, the United States established the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which split into two agencies: NASA-JPL developed the space program, while NASA Goddard Space Flight Center took responsibility for earth satellites.
In 1933, the first rocket launch took place in the Mojave Desert on April 5. The rocket was a model which crashed within five seconds of taking off. But on the following day, the rocket successfully launched, with three stages and a single solid fuel rocket motor, reaching a height of more than 50 miles (80 km).[25] A $5,000 reward was offered for the first man to reach 100 miles (160 km) altitude. The following year, Congress passed the National Defense Act, making rocket science a federal government project, and giving the military funding of $400,000 for rocket research, and $150,000 for the first successful aerodynamic flight of a manned vehicle.[26]
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